n some of the larger cities in Pakistan, like Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi, many women work, go to the movies, eat at McDonald's, wear pants and otherwise live a modern, Western-influenced life. But in certain areas, particularly in the Northwest Frontier Province, which abuts Afghanistan, many girls and young women spend much of their time in one of the more than 100 religious schools, or madrassahs, for women. (There are about 10,000 madrassahs for boys and men throughout Pakistan.) Here they are steeped in Islamic fundamentalism -- reading and reciting the Koran many hours a day and learning Arabic grammar and pronunciation. At some of these madrassahs, like Jamia Khadijatul-Kubra-Lil-Binat, immersion is complete; students, who tend to come from poor or lower-middle-class families, board during the week and leave only on weekends to visit their homes. These madrassahs instill a religious ideology that is at the heart of the jihad now being waged against the United States.

Girls as young as 5 and women as old as 65 attend madrassah. But generally, when a student turns 15 or 16, she weds in an arranged marriage and leaves school to start having babies. She spends almost all her time inside the home taking care of her children, praying and reading the Koran. If she leaves the house, she must do so fully covered.

These photographs were taken in and around two madrassahs in Peshawar in the Northwest Frontier Province, just before the United States began bombing Afghanistan.

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Shafia Salaam, 16 (in black), at a celebration for a 13-year-old girl, at right, who has memorized the Koran at Jamia Khadijatul-Kubra-Lil-Binat madrassah. Shafia is an Afghan refugee who has been living in Pakistan for more than a decade.

"I have seen images in the newspapers of what happened in America, and I feel it was not good. But perhaps God punished America for the wrongs she is doing in other countries, like Palestine and Kashmir. If the Americans attack us, we will fight. Non-Muslims are our enemy according to the Koran, so Americans are our enemy. We hate America. "I believe in jihad. I will do whatever I can do. If I am provided the opportunity to get weapons, I will use them."

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Munaza Kanwam, 10, at her Koran ceremony at the Mohamadia Mujadadia Izhar-ul-Koran madrassah.

"I am very happy. I feel like a bride. My father gave me a 20-gram gold set, my grandmother has sewn my clothes and my hair band, and my mother has sewn me two new suits. I have received a lot of gifts. I think Osama is a great man, and he is fighting America."